Have you rebalanced the turntable and checked the tone arm settings? You didn't say what cartridge the new tt has, but I seriously doubt it is ceramic. Those were used on inexpensive tts back in the 50s -60s -70s and do not have the required RIAA curve if memory serves... I could be wrong on that , but I don't think so
Also, the lower volume in phono is due to the output of the cartridge. The term they use is "gain". to equalize the two sources, since you are not using a HT receiver, will require either a step up unit or a separate phono pre that has that feature.
But before you buy anything, make sure that all the settings on the tonearm are correct.